University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Pharmacology Questions
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1. Hypertension: The pathogenesis of essential hypertension is multifactorial and highly complex. Factors that play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension include genetics, activation of neurohormonal systems such as the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, abnormalities of resistance vessels, obesity, and increased dietary salt intake. Drugs used to treat hypertension target pathways and receptors linked to many of these pathogenic factors. Four classes of antihypertensive drugs were discussed in lecture. (1) Name these four classes. (2) name a drug in each class (3) describe that drugs mechanism of action.
2. Atherosclerosis: Historically the classic candidate for heart attack was a middle-aged, white man with hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, who smoked cigarettes. This picture has evolved considerably in recent decades. We now possess effective therapies for the treatment of high blood pressure and lipid disorders. A reduction in smoking, accompanied by a decrease in second-hand smoke, has gained a foothold in many societies. We have further witnessed a vast change in people with cardiovascular risk and those who suffer from acute coronary syndromes. Although individuals in mid-life do not evade risk, coronary artery disease now affects an increased number of younger women, andwith the ageing of the population in many countriesthe very old now account for an increasing proportion of patients with cardiac conditions.Peter Libby in his 2021 Nature Review (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03392-8) entitled the Changing Landscape of Atherosclerosis discusses Seven Changing Views on Atherosclerosis (shown below). Select five of these to discuss. Include in your discussion. (1) the past view and the support for this view (2) the current view and the support for this view.
3. Introduction to Disorders of the Nervous System: Most drugs that act in the CNS exert their effects by modifying the steps in synaptic transmission. We discussed ten potential sites of action in this lecture. Diagram a CNS synapse (like the one below) and (1) name these sites of action. (2) name five drugs that alter synaptic transmission by acting at one of these sites (3) explain the effect they have on synaptic transmission and (4) briefly describe their medical use.
4. Parkinsons Disease: Parkinsons disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease with increasing incidence world?wide. Despite significant research advancements, most treatment options focus on dopamine repleting, symptomatic therapies that have significantly increased quality of life and life expectancy. Numerous additional therapies for Parkinsons disease (PD) are at various stages of preclinical and clinical testing. These agents target many aspects of PD pathogenesis including those that lead to Lewy bodies, and those involving inflammatory factors, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Describe 5 new therapeutic approaches. (1) discuss the mechanism of action of the therapeutic approach and (2) where it is in terms of pre-clinical and clinical development.
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